Синдром Дауна в практике гематолога
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2017.86.130Ключевые слова:
дети, синдром Дауна, транзиторный анормальный миелопоэз, анемия, острый лимфобластный лейкоз, острый миелоидный лейкоз, врожденные пороки развитияАннотация
Представлен анализ клинико-лабораторных проявлений, особенностей кроветворения у 26 детей с синдромом Дауна (СД). Установлено, что детям с СД присущи различные врожденные пороки развития с высокой частотой врожденных пороков сердца — 69,2%, с преобладанием полной атриовентрикулярной коммуникации (ПАВК) и дефекта межжелудочковой перегородки. Выяснено, что среди гематологических расстройств при трисомии 21-й хромосомы 30,8% составляет железодефицитная анемия; транзиторный анормальный миелопоэз (ТАМ) встречается у 19,2% больных, иммунная тромбоцитопеническая пурпура — в 15,4% случаев. У трех из пяти детей с ТАМ зарегистрированы клональные заболевания: миелодиспластический синдром, идиопатический миелофиброз и ганглионейробластома. Это дает основания считать, что ТАМ является отдельной нозологической единицей, переходным миелопролиферативным расстройством, которое регрессирует самостоятельно у двух из пяти больных бесследно, хотя и может быть предвестником других серьезных заболеваний. Детям с СД присущи злокачественные заболевания крови: острая миелоидная лейкемия (ОМЛ) верифицирована у 15,4% пациентов, острый лимфобластный лейкоз — у 7,7% детей. Опухоли негематологического происхождения и неходжкинская лимфома у детей с трисомией 21-й хромосомы встречаются с небольшой частотой (3,8%). Установлено, что для детей с СД, больных ОМЛ, протокольная химиотерапия является високоэффективным методом лечения. У больных гемобластозами В-линейного происхождения при проведении химиотерапии с применением метотрексата независимо от дозы (0,5 г/м2 или 2 г/м2) встречаются тяжелые токсические поражения кожи, слизистых оболочек, висцеральных органов. Показатель общего кумулятивного выживания (риск смерти) у детей с СД составил 0,68.
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